Psychodynamic Theory and Trait Theory of Personality

Psychodynamic Theory and Trait Theory of Personality The purpose of this paper is to understand the behaviour exhibited in a specific case study using Freud’s psychodynamic theory and Allport’s trait theory of personality. Personality is defined as the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of an individual that perseveres over time and different situations (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). Following a summary of the case study the paper will provide a brief overview of each theory and go into detail about how each theory explains the behaviour and personality of Judy, a mother who is the focus of the case study. Judy loves cleaning her house. She desires receiving compliments regarding her cleanliness. Judy spends every weekend cleaning. Whenever guests were invited over Judy would spend a lot of time and effort making sure her house was spotless. She would instruct the kids on acceptable conversation and organise frequent family meetings. Judy did not understand why other family members wouldn’t take cleaning seriously. A neighbour once accidently left grass clippings on her front lawn which resulted in Judy ignoring that neighbour for two years. Even though the family were not in any financial troubles Judy would force everyone to take extreme measures to save money. Judy would get mad when her friends didn’t invite her to dinner parties. She frequently criticises her friends and does not understand why someone would not want to be her friend. The first theory that will be discussed is Freud’s psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamic theory explains personality by focusing on the conscious and unconscious motivation behind human behaviour, feeling and emotion (Shelder, 2010). Freud stressed that the mind is not a single construct, but is in fact made up of separate components. These mental processes are fuelled by sexual and aggressive urges. These urges stem from instinctual and biological drives (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). Some of these urges may be unacceptable on a conscious level and are repressed into the unconscious where they build up over time until they influence thoughts, feelings or behaviour. The mind is divided into three components that house these urges. The id is an unconscious component that seeks pleasure. The superego is constructed from internalised rules and expectations. The ego mediates between the unconscious urges of the id and the firm rules of the superego. The interactions between these components determine human personality and behaviour. This model on human behaviour is called Freud’s Structural Model (Freud, 1961). Freud proposed that adult human behaviour is influenced by childhood experiences (Freud Hall, 2014). Specifically he proposed a model where childhood sexual development would influence adulthood personality and behaviour. Inadequate development in a psychosexual stage would result in a fixation that would negatively influence behaviour and personality later on in life. In order to deal with these issues the mind can employ a range of defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms are unconscious processes that distort reality to reduce unpleasant feelings and thoughts such as anxiety (Freud, 1992). These processes arise from the ego. Anxiety and other unpleasant feelings are a result of the id or superego becoming too demanding and causing distress. The second perspective that will be used is Allport’s Trait Theory. Allport’s theory suggests that human behaviour and personality is influenced by emotional, cognitive and behavioural tendencies called traits (Allport Allport, 1921). A trait can either be a predisposition to behave in a certain manner or it could be a personality characteristic. These traits can be used to obtain an understanding of a subject’s overall personality. Allport organised these traits into a hierarchical structure with three levels. Cardinal traits lie at the top of the hierarchy and are traits that govern an individual’s whole behaviour or personality (Allport, 1966). Most people don’t have cardinal traits but if they do they generally only have a singular trait that dictates their behaviour and personality. The next level of traits is called central traits. These consist of general characteristics of personality present in most individuals. These traits affect behaviour the most (Allport, 1937b). The last level of traits is secondary traits which are characteristics that are only apparent when in contact with specific external stimuli. These secondary traits can conflict with central traits when activated and account for uncommon displays of behaviour which may contradict overall personality. A major theme of Allport’s theory is that of functional autonomy, which states that adult behaviour and personality is not related to earlier experiences but behaviour first started as a drive for a separate motive which over time the desire for the drive outgrows the motive resulting in the drive being separate, or autonomous from the original drive (Allport, 1937a). Since the original motive for the behaviour is lost it is difficult to find the source or reasoning behind behavioural traits. Freud will be the first theorist that will be used to discuss Judy’s behaviours and personality. Freud explains Judy’s excessive cleanliness due to an inadequate development of the anal stage of psychosexual development in childhood (Freud Hall, 2014). In the anal stage, which lasts from 18 months to three years of age the child is learning to become toilet trained which is the first step in autonomy from parents. Properly developing this skill leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. The outcome of this stage is dependent on the methods employed by the parents to teach bowl control (Freud Hall, 2014). If parents are too strict then the child may develop an anal-retentive personality which results in the child being orderly, rigid and obsessive. In this case study Judy is showing signs of an anal-retentive personality by her obsession on having a clean house and her strict rules on where items go in the kitchen. This behaviour is maintained by her superego which dominates her thoughts, feelings and behaviour (Freud, 1961). Judy’s strict rules on cleanliness and order may be the reason why she is so controlling in the family’s financial situation, due to her strict nature on cleanliness carrying over to other aspects of her life such as finance. Judy maintains order by frequently organising family meetings which are an outlet for her unconscious desires of order to manifest. Her feelings regarding her relationships with other people are repressed into her unconscious where they build up and come out via criticism to Sarah, her daughter or to the recipients face. Judy seeks approval from her guests. This approval is a major part of her id. Judy pursues approval for her id by using strict rules from her superego to gather compliments regarding her home. Judy’s quest for approval results in anxiety from keeping a clean house and frustration from guests not inviting her to dinner. Anxiety is a threat to the ego from impulses generated by the id (Freud, 1992). She uses defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Defence mechanisms are an unconscious process that distorts reality so that the threat impulses to the ego do not become conscious (Freud, 1992). Whenever someone does not want her friendship Judy uses denial to ignore any criticisms she may have said which resulted in her loss of friendship. She may repress any memories where she acted in a way that is not friendly. To gain more information a psychodynamic psychologist would use performance based measures such as a projective test or free association (MacCann, Matthews, Zeidner, Roberts, 2003). Performance based measures reveal underlying attitudes and implicit motivations due to their indirect nature. These tests do not provide information about what the subject is thinking or feeling. A specific measure that would be used to gather more information is free association (Oxburgh Dando, 2011). Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where the individual is allowed to talk about whatever thoughts come to mind. This is an indirect measure that can provide information on an individual’s thoughts and feelings. The therapist would listen and take notes to try and find any underlying unconscious motivation to gain a better understanding of the individual’s personality and behaviour. This method can reveal dispositions about personality and behaviour that an individual is not consciously aware of possessing. The second theorist that will be used is Allport. Judy is obsessive to the point that it is classed as a cardinal trait. Her obsessive trait affects nearly every other aspect of her personality and behaviour. Her main high central traits are authoritative, economical, cleanly and sociable, which are all affected by her cardinal trait. These trait names are from Allport’s list of trait names that best define personality (Allport Odbert, 1936). Judy’s authoritative trait is evident in the way she informs her children on proper conversation topics and when organising family meetings to discuss the proper procedure and location of items. Her economical trait is shown through her strict rules governing her family’s finances. This is a clear example of how her cardinal trait has affected a central trait to the extreme. The trait of cleanliness is clearly shown to be an important trait of her personality as evident by her passionate cleaning ritual. Her sociability has a secondary trait where she gets angry when someone disrupts her clean home, shown by the neighbour who she ignored for two years. Judy also gets frustrated when other family members don’t see the value in keeping the home organised and clean, further supporting her secondary trait. One method to gain more information on Judy’s personality and behaviour can be to administer a self-report inventory such as the California Personality Inventory (CPI). The CPI is an inventory that measures personality traits (Groth-Marnat Mullard, 2010). The questions on the CPI relate to normal behaviours, feelings and attitudes regarding family and social matters. Self-report inventories directly measure how a person thinks and feels (MacCann, et al., 2003). Due to this explicit method the inventory is a good way to identify personality states and other behavioural traits that they can recognize about themselves. The two different perspectives share many similarities in their assessment of Judy’s behaviour and personality. Both perspectives conclude that her obsessive reliance on strict rules is a major factor in her philosophy on financial matters. Both perspectives believe that a certain characteristic (obsessiveness/cleanliness), dominates her whole personality and its effect carries over into other aspects of her personality and behaviour. Lastly both perspectives agree that her frustration at not being invited out to dinner parties by her friends is social in nature. Although the two perspectives seem to come to similar conclusions regarding Judy’s behaviour there are a couple of major differences. Freud’s perspective believes that her obsession towards cleanliness is due to a childhood experience concerning toilet training while Allport believes that cardinal traits such as this are developed later on in life and due to functional autonomy it is not possible to find out the cause of this trait. Freud’s theory has many positive benefits. It is a theory that is based on experimental psychology and it explains characteristics of personality (Freud Hall, 2014). Unfortunately the theory has an overemphasis on the unconsciousness and relies too heavily on childhood experiences (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). The theory is mainly backed by data gathered via case studies and clinical observations which are not reliable as data gathered from a wide range of sources. Allport’s theory is based on objective and statistical data (Allport, 1966). There are no biases compared to Freud whose relationship with his mother is said to have greatly influenced his work (Allport Allport, 1921). The theory can account for any behavioural or personality aspect with traits. The theory itself is easy to understand and can be used with many different assessment measures. There are a few negative connotations with Allport’s perspective. The theory is a poor predictor of future personality and behaviour since the theory does not explain how traits are maintained (Bertocci, 1940). The theory does not discuss how the traits themselves have developed nor does the theory explain how personality works due to functional autonomy. There is also some discrepancy on the consistency of traits although that is partially explained via secondary traits. Allport’s theory does not take into account ecological, social or situational factors that may affect behaviour or personality. The definition of trait is broad and includes attitudes, habit and other tendencies such as need under one classification which may decrease the validity of traits. Freud’s perspective states that Judy’s major behavioural and personality attributes are due to an inadequate development in her childhood anal psychosexual development stage which has caused Judy to exhibit an anal-retentive personality that affects her behaviour negatively. Her behaviour results in the production of anxiety and Judy uses ego defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety. More information about Judy’s personality and behaviour can be gathered via free association. Allport’s perspective suggests that Judy’s behaviour and personality is due to a cardinal trait of obsessiveness which affects every other aspect of her personality from keeping her house clean and organised to managing her family’s finances. More information about Judy’s personality can be gained by conducting a self-report inventory on personality. Both perspectives focused on different aspects of Judy’s personality. Freud’s theory focused on the unconscious motivation behind Judy’s actions while Allport looked at the actions in detail. They both came to similar conclusions in that Judy is obsessive and that this is negatively affecting her relationships. References Allport, F. H., Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 16(1), 6-40. Allport, G. W. (1937a). The Functional Autonomy of Motives. The American Journal of Psychology, 50(1/4), 141-156. Allport, G. W. (1937b). Personality: A psychological interpretation. Allport, G. W. (1966). Traits revisited. American psychologist, 21(1), 1. Allport, G. W., Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(1), i-171. Bertocci, P. A. (1940). A critique of G. W. Allports theory of motivation. Psychological Review, 47(6), 501-532. Freud, A. (1992). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence: Karnac Books. Freud, S. (1961). THE EGO AND THE ID. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 5(1), 656. doi:10.1097/00000441-196111000-00027 Freud, S., Hall, G. S. (2014). A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Auckland: The Floating Press. Groth-Marnat, G., Mullard, M. J. (2010). California Psychological Inventory. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology: John Wiley Sons, Inc. MacCann, C., Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., Roberts, R. D. (2003). PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A REVIEW OF SELF-REPORT AND PERFORMANCE-BASED TESTING. [Article]. International Journal of Organizational Analysis (2003), 11(3), 247-274. Oxburgh, G. E., Dando, C. J. (2011). Psychology and interviewing: what direction now in our quest for reliable information? The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 13(2), 135-144. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636641111134378 Perelberg, R. J., Ebooks, C. (2008). Freud: A Modern Reader. Hoboken: Wiley [Imprint]. Shelder, J. (2010). The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, 16(3), 38-51.

Rapid Growth of Christianity in the First Centuries Essay

Account for the rapid growth of Christianity in the first centuries. Christianity spread rapidly from C.E for three hundred years until it was legalized. The fact that this religion spread so quickly is one of the most amazing feats in history – in just 300 years Christianity went from one person preaching about a God, to a legalized religion. One of the main reasons for this rapid growth is that Christianity was open to anyone, in Judaism, you were not automatically a Jew and some synagogues did not allow people to convert. The great thing about Christianity was that anybody could become a Christian. People often thought of Christianity as Judaism lite. This was because Christianity descended from Judaism and had a lot of the same beliefs – it was just easier to become a Christian and the rules were not quite as strict. Both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic religions so they only believe in one god. The Jewish religion was attractive to gentiles – because of its monotheistic beliefs and moral code – who were tired of worshiping the Greek and Roman pantheons (Gods & Goddesses). It got to the point when Jewish Synagogues would no longer allow Christians in them so the Christians Christianity is said to have the highest standard of love to god and to man. Christianity often appealed to poor people who felt alienated by mainstream religions. Back then, most people would be able to speak fluent Greek, the fact that Christianity was written and mostly spoken in Greek made it appeal to the majority of the people because they could read it. Judaism however was spoken in Hebrew, so only people that could speak Hebrew could understand it. This is why the new testament was written in Greek. The Roman Empire had a weak religion, so it was very easy to get people to convert to Christianity. After a group of people converted, others often followed behind. So many people converted to Christianity that Rome became the ‘base’ of the religion. That Is why the Pope lives in Rome – this is where Christianity was ‘properly’ formed.

Roman Architecture from a Typological Standpoint

History and Theory of Architecture and Design Discuss Roman architecture from a typological point of view by emphasizing:The displacement from preexistent to freshly developed typologiesThe accomplishment gained in building techniques wherever applicableSee at least two different types. List of Illustrations 1. Rome, Forum Romanum: program Steve Watson, 1996,The Roman Forum[ online ] . Available from stevewatson.info/Rome/Italy/diary.html. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 2. Athinais, Stoa Basileios: digital Reconstruction of the edifice Kronostaf [ online ] . Available from www.kronostaf.com/nr/images/d/d3/Stoa-Basileios.jpg. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 3. Rome, Basilica Aemilia: program Vitruvius – De Architectura Libri X [ on-line ] . Available from www.vitruvius.be/aemilia.htm. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 4. Rome, Arch of Augustus: a possible Reconstruction of the lift American Journal of Archeology [ online ] . Available from www.ajaonline.org/article/90. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 5. Rome, Pantheon: program ( above ) and subdivision ( below ) My archicad [ online ] . Available from myarchicad.free.fr/Etudes/Pantheon % 20Rome/Pantheo % Rome01.htm. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 6. Rome, Pantheon: the dome Travel there guide [ online ] . Available from www.gothereguide.com/pantheon+rome-place. Accessed 14ThursdayApril 2014 It is hard, without any uncertainty, to discourse about what can be defined as Roman architecture. Roman civilisation covered a immense clip span that began with the foundation of theUrbs( as Rome was called by Latin authors and philosophers ) , traditionally dated to 753 BC, and collapsed with the autumn of the Western Roman Empire, in 476 AD. Therefore, it is deducible that all the populations it got in touch with over the centuries influenced its civilization. Unlike Grecian architecture, merchandise of a self-assured civilisation that was able to keep an unbelievable integrity of artistic intent and that is still recognizable today as belonging to the Grecian civilization ( Ward-Perkins 1912 ) , Roman art and architecture â€Å"Were born and took form in a universe that was already dominated both by the substance and by the thought of Grecian accomplishment, foremost through the Grecian settlements in the West, at 2nd manus through Etruria.† ( Ward-Perkins, 1912, p.9 ) As the consequence of the lucifer of these influences, it could be debatable to understand when it is appropriated to speak about Roman architecture as a definable architectural manner. Harmonizing to Sear ( 1982, p.28 ) , â€Å"It is when all the outside influences had been forged together and assimilated, when techniques and decorations were so to the full understood that they could be used with assurance to make something fresh and original. This procedure of hammering a new manner began under Augustus.† In this essay the displacement from the pre-existing to the freshly developed typologies and the proficient inventions produced by Romans will be analyzed by concentrating on the relationship between the Roman and earlier architectures. In order to discourse this alteration, four typologies, all belonging to the Augustan or subsequently periods, will be taken in consideration. In the first paragraph the writer will reason about the connexion between the Greek agora and the Roman forum. The 2nd typology will concern the beginnings and the chief characteristics of the Roman basilica. The 3rd typology discussed will see the honorific edifice. Finally, the writer will exemplify the typology of the spiritual edifices, concentrating on Roman temples and the Pantheon in peculiar. As antecedently said, it is merely with the beginning of the Augustan epoch that a proper Roman architecture developed. This happened when the Foster boy of Julius Caesar, Augustus, started a redevelopment undertaking of his new born empire’s capital metropolis. Like Suetonius ( 1977 ) studies, â€Å"He found Rome a metropolis of bricks and left it a metropolis of marble.† , and he did it harmonizing to his personal gustatory sensation and involvements. In fact, it has to be considered that a crowned head is by definition the â€Å"architect† of his land. Furthermore, the rise of the Empire is a minute of primary importance for the Roman history. Since that, the Romans of the Republic have ever avoided to allow a individual single keeping absolute power. From this position the slaying of Julius Caesar could hold been justified by the senator’s will of continuing the unity of the Republic. In 27 BC, upon the assignment of the first Roman emperor, all the po wers were put in the custodies of one, legalizing him to became non merely the swayer of the Roman properties but even a kind of God ; to boot, Rome was per excellence the symbol of the emperor’s power. For all these grounds it was inevitable that Augustus likings were a major factor in determining a public gustatory sensation ( Ward-Perkins, 1912 ) . One of the most representative plants in this sense is the continuance of the Forum Romanum, originally begun by Augustus’s male parent Julius Caesar. When believing about the Forum, it is ineluctable to seek to happen a possible connexion with the Greek agora, the public infinite built by the Athenians. The Grecian agora was the topographic point where administrative, politic, legal, commercial and moreover activities occurred and the stoa or colonnade porch was likely the most of import edifice standing in the square: it is defined by Watkin ( 1986, p.49 ) as a â€Å"Covered meeting-place for a broad scope of activities.† However, it has been argued ( Pergolis, cited by Carlos Zeballos ) that the purpose of the agora was to give the citizen uneasiness ; on the other manus the Roman forum’s intent was to do him cognizant of the State. The purpose of the Forum Romanum was to remind the Romans of the award of the old Republic, and the victory of the new leader, Augustus. This aspiration is proved by the plants he started since the early old ages of his reign in this location. Once the redevelopment undertaking ended, the forum consisted in two long basilicas ( Aemilia and Julia ) , three temples, two of them started by Julius Caesar ( temple of Concord and temple of Castor ) , and a new last one, dedicated to the Divus Julius, Augustus former male parent. The temple of Divus Julius was flanked by a monumental building, the Arch of Augustus. All of these architectural buildings played a cardinal function in the Roman history. The Roman basilica is one of the most representative typology of edifices in the Roman architecture. It operated as a meeting-place for the citizens, an exchange for merchandisers and even as a tribunal of justness. In this sense, it has been argued ( Purdue University ) that the design hailed from an Hellenic Hellenic edifice called Stoa Basileios ( Grecian: I I ¬ ) , located in the Athenian agora. In this peculiar instance, the interlingual rendition of the term Basileios is Royal: it was in fact identified as the place of the Archon Basileus, one of the nine head magistrates in antediluvian Athens, whose responsibilities were spiritual and juridical. It appeared to be a rectangular edifice with eight Doric columns along the facade and four interior ( Foundation of the Hellenic World, 2006 ) , a form that good reminds of the basilica. A last grounds of the Greek beginning of the Roman basilica is the spelling of the word basilica itself that, as Welsh stated, came from the Grecia n term â€Å"basilike† , which means â€Å"kingly† . The basilica normally had a rectangular program and it was usually timber-roofed. It besides could hold a rectangular tribune, a individual or two apsiss and an interior colonnade that divided the infinite. The city manager entryway could hold been on either the transverse or the longitudinal axes ( MacDonald, 1986 ) . An illustration of this typology could be given by The Basilica Aemilia. It was one of theearliest basilicas: the first building is dated from 179 BC and it is stated that it has had a two-storied colonnaded facade of 16 bays as a stoa. On the interior, it was located an enclosed hall, where the magistrate could pattern his work. The basilica was wholly rebuilt by Augustus. The Imperial basilica was divided in three parts: the porch, the hall and the †tabaerne† , six square room that were likely used as offices. This porch was absolutely similar to the 1 of the basilica Julia: it consisted in two floors supported by marble’s pilasters and columns. The land floor facade was divided in 14 arches overcame by a Doric Lodge. The usage of the arch is one of the inventions that distinguish Roman architecture from 1s that came before. Greeks ne'er learned to construct an arched building and used a post-and-bean construction, as they did in their stoa. This technique allowed Romans to construct larger suites: â€Å"Arches couldredirecta edifice ‘s weight over long distances to thick stations, leting for huge, comparativelyunobstructedsuites† ( essential-humanities ) . In this instance, because of the singular size of the room, it was necessary to present some metal ironss to reenforce the construction. From the porch, the visitant entered in a secondary room that worked as passageway to the cardinal hall. It consisted in three naves separated by columns ; the side’s 1s supported a 2nd floor. ( Sear, 1982 ) Traveling on, the 2nd type that will be discussed will be the honorific memorial, concentrating on the best-known 1s, the triumphal arches. Boldwin Smith ( 1956 ) asserts that the beginning of triumphal arches has to be sought in the ceremonials of deification of the sovereign that gave a heavenly content to an arched portal, as it happened during the Hellenistic Epiphany. He even stated that merely the common factors in the history of ceremonials could explicate the manner in which the arched passageway was used to mark the ceremonial of Latin Triumph. It was in fact a Latin version of an Etruscan rite in which the Triumphant One was acclaimed as a God. A monumental arch, despite its monolithic and elemental signifier, is a complicated sort of edifice. In every archway the radiality works in opposing way at the same clip, â€Å"It focuses down and in toward the curve’s unseeable centre point, but at the same clip suggests mutual extension fanning outward and upward†. ( MacDonald, 1986, p.75-76, 1sthappening within the paragraphs ) MacDonald ( 2neodymiumhappening within the same paragraphs ) explains that this implies a tenseness that is regulated and framed either by flanking walls, or monolithic wharfs and by masonry piled up above the arch and its supports: this counterbalance is so increased by adding orders and ornaments. Triumphal arches were built in Rome since the 2nd century BC, nevertheless it was Augustus who set the manner for constructing them all over the Empire ( Watkins ) . Sear ( 1982 ) states that in the Forum Romanum it was erected a triumph Arch known as the Arch of Augustus, rebuilt in the 19 BC perchance with fragments from an earlier one, dated 29 BC. A description is given by MacDonald ( 1986 ) : it was a ternary gateway in which the centre nothingness was arched and set between immense wharfs with a outstanding Attic above ; side gateways were trabeated. The orders stood on a pedestals and base on the same degree. The interior one was overlapped with the wharfs and topped by a Corinthian capital. Wilson Jones ( 2000 ) claims that about two-thirds of all imperial columns were Corinthian. This order in fact suited the emperors for many grounds: it was Augustus pick to advance an Hellenic image of his Rome, eventually capable of fiting Greece culturally. For Augustus ‘ purpose t he Corinthian order was perfect to arouse the yesteryear without falling in a mere transcript of Grecian architecture. Furthermore, the acanthus, the taking subject of the order, was a symbol of sacredness but it was non related to any peculiar deity. This characteristic permitted Augustus to advance his imagine of a God. Political deductions in Roman architecture were involved even in the last type of edifice that will be analyzed, the spiritual 1. Roman temples find their beginnings in both Etruscan architecture and, as the old 1s, Grecian architecture. Early Roman temples were realized in brick and followed Etruscan design by demoing high dais and deeply columned porch. After the 2nd century, Grecian orders begun to be employed in the lift and, like Grecian temples, they were east orientated. However, Roman temples tradition had a facade that was easy recognizable thanks to the monumental steps that leaded to the porch, the lone portion of the edifice in which columns were erected ( Dried-up 1982 ) . Above all the others, The Pantheon is the most known Roman temple and it is considered, together with the Parthenon, the most representative memorial of classical architecture. The first Parthenon, commissioned by Agrippa, Augustus’ general and son-in-law, is dated between 27-25 BC. The purpose was to stand for Augustus’ Imperial program’s chef-d'oeuvre: in fact it has been claimed ( Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2014 ) that it may hold been designed as a topographic point where the emperor could do public visual aspects in order to remind his people of his Godhead position. However, the edifice was likely destroyed by fire and rebuilt by Emperor Domitian. The temple once more was destructed by a lightning bolt. The current Pantheon was built by Adrian on his return trip to Rome as the new emperor in 118 AD. Alongside his designers, he decided to construct the new Temple by utilizing a new design that attempts to unify the Greek’s porch and the Roman rotunda ( Wilson Jones, 2000 ) , a typology that had already been used in earlier Roman temples. It has been argued that Hadrian’s purpose was to plan the Pantheon in order â€Å"to turn out that the Imperial order, with its regulation of jurisprudence and its nucleus for the Republic was portion o f the Godhead order, initiated by it and subsumed to it.† ( McEwan, 1993, cited by Art History Presentation Archive, 2007 ) . The accent of the edifice is wholly focused on the interior infinite. The formal strategy of the inside could look rather simple, a cylindrical membranophone topped by a dome. By contrast, this building shows all the astonishing abilities owned by Roman designers and applied scientists. The construction of the rotunda is composed by eight wharfs which support eight arches, which in bend correspond to the eight bays. From this position, the membranophone could be seen as an arched construction designed to cut down weight and minimise the effects of differential colony. Once once more the prevalent order is the Corinthian: Corinthian columns of giallo antico are free-standing in each bay and stand for a superb device to give graduated table. The dome was the biggest of all time realized until the devising of Santa Maria del Fiore’s one in Firenze by Brunelleschi. In blending the concrete, another of Roman’s most superb inventions, several make fulling stuffs were used and graded in order that the construction resulted lighter at the dome’s top by utilizing pumice. The oculus captivates visitor’s oculus and is the lone beginning of visible radiation in the whole edifice, possibly to mean that in the Temple of all Gods the merely light admitted can come from the celestial spheres above. ( Wilson Jones, 2000 ) . In this essay the writer has illustrated the development of the displacement from the preexistent typologies to the freshly developed 1s, every bit good as the proficient inventions implemented. Furthermore, the Roman emperors ‘ political and personal attack to their architectures has been discussed. Four instances of survey were presented: foremost, a relation between the Greek agora and the Roman forum was demonstrated by demoing similarities in their utilizations but different political purposes ; secondly, the writer illustrated the Roman basilica as a new type of edifice that perchance derived from the Grecian stoa. Traveling on, political deductions and Hellenistic beginnings have been debated and proficient characteristics have been shown by showing the triumphal arch ‘s typology. Finally, the last instance, the spiritual edifice type, has been analyzed by concentrating on the Roman temple with two intents: in the first topographic point to explicate analogies with earlier illustrations and so to depict one of the most important edifice in Roman architecture, the Pantheon. Bibliography Ancient History Encyclopedia ( 2014 )Pantheon[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ancient.eu.com/Pantheon/ [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Art History Presentation Archive ( 2014 )The Pantheon and Hadrian’s Building Program[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //honorsaharchive.blogspot.co.uk/2007/01/pantheon-and-hadrians-building-program.html [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Baldwin Smith, E. ( 1978 )Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the in-between Ages1stEd. New York, Hacker Art Books Essential Humanistic disciplinesRoman Architecture[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essential-humanities.net/western-art/architecture/roman/ [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Foundation of the Hellenic World ( 2006 )Stoa Basileios[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //project.athens-agora.gr/index.php? view=ktirio & A ; pid=1 & A ; lang_id=en [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Mac Donald, W.L. ( 1986 )The Architecture of the Roman Empire, Volume II – an urban assessmentUsa, Yale University Press Purdue UniversityRoman Basilicas[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/roman_basilicas.htm [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Sear, F. ( 1982 )Roman ArchitectureLondon, Blatsford Academic and Educational Limited Suetonius, ( 1977 )The Twelve Caesar11ThursdayEd. trans. By Graves, R. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books Ltd Thayer, W. ( 2008 )Basilica Emilia[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/I/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/Forum_Romanum/_Texts/Huelsen*/2/21.html [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ] Ward Perkins, J.B. ( 1977 )Roman ArchitectureNew York, Harry Adams Incorporated Watkins, D. ( 1986 )A History of Western Architecture3rdEd. London, Lawrence King Publishing Wilson Jones, M. ( 2000 )Principles of Roman ArchitectureSingapore, Yale University Press Zeballos, C. ( 2011 )The Agora of Athens Vs. The Roman Forum[ Online ] . Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //architecturalmoleskine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/agora-of-athens-vs-roman-forum.html [ Accessed 05 April 2014 ]

What Is a Mixture in Chemistry

A mixture is what you get when you combine two substances in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs between the components, and you can separate them again. In a mixture, each component maintains its own chemical identity. Typically mechanical blending combines components of a mixture, although other processes may produce a mixture (e.g., diffusion, osmosis). Technically, the term mixture is misused when a recipe calls for you to mix, for example, flour and eggs. A chemical reaction does occur between those cooking ingredients. You cant undo it. However, mixing dry ingredients, such as flour, salt, and sugar, does produce an actual mixture. Even though the components of a mixture are unchanged, a mixture may have different physical properties than either of its components. For example, if you combine alcohol and water, the mixture has a different melting point and boiling point than either component. Examples of Mixtures Sand and waterSalt and waterSugar and saltEthanol in waterAirSodaSalt and pepperSolutions, colloids, suspensions Examples That Are Not Mixtures Baking soda and vinegarBorax and glue to make slimeCombining hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Classification of Mixtures Mixtures may be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition that doesnt readily separate. Every part of a homogeneous mixture has the same properties. In a homogeneous mixture, there is typically a solute and a solvent, and the resulting substance consists of a single phase. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include air and saline solution. A homogeneous mixture may contain any number of components. While a saline solution is simply salt (the solute) dissolved in water (the solvent), air contains many gases. The solutes in air include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The solvent in the air is nitrogen. Typically, the particle size of the solute in a homogeneous mixture is petite. A heterogeneous mixture, in contrast, does not exhibit uniform properties. Its often possible to see the particles in the mixture and separate them from each other. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures include a wet sponge, sand, gravel, trail mix, and chalk suspended in water. To some extent, whether a mixture is classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous is a matter of scale. For example, mist may appear to be homogeneous when viewed on a large scale, yet if magnified, the concentration of water wont be uniform from one area to another. Similarly, some mixtures that appear heterogeneous at a normal scale become more homogeneous on a large scale. Sand is heterogeneous if you examine it in the palm of your hand, yet seems homogeneous if you view an entire beach. Nearly any mixture, viewed on a molecular scale, is heterogeneous. Math is applied to determine whether a mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous. If no statistical variation between properties is observed, a mixture should be treated as being homogeneous.

The Concept of War

The Concept of War War is a violent means of the interstate conflicts’ settlement. Nowadays, war is condemned and forbidden by the international law as a result of long historical development and tragic experience of the two world wars. Among the major reasons for this kind of conflicts are different contradictions (economic, territorial, religious and others) between the states, nations, people, classes, etc. Depending on the character and parties of the contradictions, which generate war and confrontation, the latter ones are subdivided into civil and interstate, religious and economic, fair and unfair, etc. In accordance with the scale, it is possible to distinguish world, regional and civil kinds of war. The last one can have interclass, religious or interethnic contradictions as its reasons. The unity and distinction of wars and confrontations is expressed in their political, technical and operative aspects. The political dimension includes the corresponding kind of motives and goals. Political aims are usually formulated long before the war break out and define its preparatory phase the reorganization of army, economics, diplomacy and ideology. All the wars lead to qualitative changes of all aspects of society’s lifestyle and represent one of the most ancient forms of social mobilization. Technically, war differs from a confrontation on the more significant scale and various applications of means of the armed struggle. Today, one of the most important roles in wars is played by air offensive operations, as well as the data, collected by the of space investigation. In operative sense war assumes, first of all, application of the armed forces of the state, and also the militarized civil formations (a national home guard, guerrilla groups, etc). Now, with the termination of the cold war, new ones arise from confrontations on interethnic basis or because of territorial disputes between states.

Religion And Religious Laws On Religion - 975 Words

For centuries there have been many religions that humans have incorporated into their lives. All religions have certain moral rules that they want their followers and society have to obey without questioning why the rules exist. Some of the religious rules have put limits on humans that go completely against human nature. This because we as humans are consider as mammals and animals as well Although there are many positive views of religion there are also many negative aspects to religious laws. For centuries, religion has put limits on its followers by denying their passions for many reasons. Religion teaches everyone what’s morality good and what bad in life. They put certain rules that they want everyone to agree without questioning them. Although, some of the rules that religion inforce are morally correct to everyone, they go complete against human nature. Human are also considered animals and as animal we need to survive in life. For example, religion teaches everyone not to kill anyone and to love one another no matter what’s the situation. But, it’s our natural animal instincts to eliminate any threat that is in our way. For society and religion this is wrong because there’s a law that forbids the killing of anybody is a crime and isn’t morality correct. This put limits on how we deal with a situation where we feel threaten and not able to take action in our own hands. But, it’s perfectly fine that a tiger to kill his prey to stay alive because it’s an animal.Show MoreRelatedThe Power and Protection of Religious Libe rty Essay examples1027 Words   |  5 PagesReligious liberty is a basic human right which is related to people’s daily life. When it comes to the question that whether Religious liberty should be protected by specific provisions or general provisions, people have divergent opinions. I agree that religious liberty should be protect by specific provisions including national law and international law. I have several reasons to explain it. 〠Key Words】religious liberty, constructional law, human right The power and the order of the common customsRead MoreThe Evidence For The Secularisation Of Western Europe1660 Words   |  7 Pagessocial process whereby religious institutions, thinking, and consciousness are losing their social significance†. This is relatively true in Western Europe, due to industrialisation and new technological and scientific research. The move from one ‘canopy’ religion to a branch of religions and the diversity of Western Europe undermined the religious significance of the dominant religion of Christianity in Western Europe. Bue despite all the challenges of a modern world, religion lives on through traditionsRead MoreLaw and Religion1173 Words   |  5 PagesReligion began as a way to explain unfathomable gaps in understanding how the world and the things within it worked. It became a fundamental part of many lives because it gave the population faith and understanding as to why things functioned the way they did. Unexplainable events were concluded as the will of a higher being, as it was the simplest rational. Nonetheless, time has shifted, and with different ages comes change. However important they were when our kind had no other explanation forRead MoreReligious Freedom Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesReligious Freedom America has been named the melting pot of the world. It houses many different cultures, nationalities, ideas and religions. There are Christians, Jews, Catholics, Buddhists, Mormons, Hindus, Spiritualists, Jehovahs Witnesses, Islamic, plus many more. America is unique in that all these religions are represented in a nation that is only 200 years old. And America has upheld, throughout history, that the freedom and equality of religion is extremely important in orderRead MorePublic Schools All Over America975 Words   |  4 Pagespublic schools on whether it is right or wrong because it promotes a specific religion and negates other religions. An article by The Texas Tribune, written by Morgan Smith, announced that â€Å"Merry Christmas† is officially okay to say in Texas public schools. The controversy erupted when cheerleaders of East Texas High School were told that they were not able to carry signs that displayed bible verses on them. A new law was formed in Texas that allowed schools to put up Christmas oriented decorationsRead MoreThe United States And Religious Neutrality1658 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, religious neutrality appears throughout society as an attempt to respect majority and minority religions, which seems implausible due to the complicated relationship between religion and government. When the government makes legal decisions involving religion, the ideal of neutrality seemingly dissipates when one faith appears to garner more respect over another in earning the majority decision in the Courts. This impossibility of state neutrality is apparent when balancingRead MoreThe Integrat ion Of Immigrants Into American Religious Life1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Integration of Immigrants into American Religious Life What is your definition of an immigrant? My definition of an immigrant is a person who moves to a foreign country and brings with them traditions and cultures, which they assimilate into their new country. During the nineteenth century, the United States was predominately a protestant nation, which experienced high levels of immigration. From countries such as Poland, Ireland, Russia, and Germany. Many of these ethnic groups were CatholicRead MoreEssay on Right to Religion589 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Religion is an essential component of human rights, defended by a range of international accords as well as declarations. The right to religion chiefly embraces liberty of ideas on all issues, coupled with the independence to manifest religion besides the accompanying doctrines individually or with other people, not only in public but private as well. Unfortunately, at times people are compelled to leave their habitats, as a result of persecution they meet for taking a stand for whatRead MoreCan Establishment Be Consistent With Religious Freedom?1244 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishment be Consistent with Religious Freedom? In this paper, it will be submitted that some forms of establishment such as that in England and Scotland is consistent with religious freedom. While other forms of establishment such as that in Iran, which is noted as being an Islamic theocracy with the adoption of Sharia law is not consistent with religious freedom. However, before we go any further, it is important to define the term establishment and religious freedom as they relate to thisRead MoreFreedom Of Exercise And Freedom975 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica was founded upon was the idea that religious freedom was an inalienable right. Many who sailed to new world were pilgrims who believed the land was a promised land, sacred. They also believed the new world would allow them to escape religious persecution. When the Constitution was developed in 1787, the First Amendment addressed the relationship between the government and religion stating, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;

What Is The Role of Management Accounting Choose Experts

Question: Write an essay on Management Accounting? Answer: The role of management accounting: The management accounting is necessary for the organization to plan for future needs and goals of the business and it is a method used to analyze a company's financial information. The management accounting helps the organization into several aspects those are following: Planning: Before the management, takes any decisions, planning should be undertaken to implement the functions. The organization can focus only on the goals and objectives through the proper planning process. The strategic planning is required to make the appropriate decision for the organization that is taken by the upper-level managers. There are inputs like those forecast of employee needs, capital funding, facility needs for long-term planning. The management accountant of the organization should identify the risk associated with each course of action. Directing and motivating: The main purpose of the management accounting is directing and motivating the employee of the organization. Between the upper-level management and the employees, management accountants serve as liaisons to solve the problems of the organization. The managers of the organization assigned the task to the employees and after accomplishing the task, the managers are giving the reward to the employees. Controlling: The plans are being followed controlling ensures that. The departments are mainly performing by using the operational statistics, time sheets, performance reports to determine the performance report of the organization. To achieve the desired result, the company managers should recognize the modification to the plan. Analyzing: To analyze the information is the main purpose of the management accounting. It develops several ways to correct them and to determine the problematic areas. To increase the company's profit, they are using the company's information to develop ways. Reports: All the plans and the information are stating as a report format by the management accountant of the organization. These reports suggest that the information that they have stated in this report this can be used as recommendations for the solution of problems. The relevance of management accounting over financial accounting: Basis Financial accounting Management accounting Users The financial reports of the company can be used by the internal and the external users The internal users are using the managerial accounting Compliance with accounting standards Required strict compliance based on the accounting standards Not required any compliance Time orientation Historical data used Current and future data used Emphasis Objectives of financial information, reliability, verifiability To present the maximum aid in the management decision and relevance and timeliness Necessity Compulsory Not obligatory Purpose of reports General purpose Special purpose Details of reports Brief More specify Sources of data The accounting records of the company that is mainly sources within the company Both the sources like political environment, industry concerns, interest rates etc. Frequency of reports Monthly, quarterly, annually When the need arises Classification of cost: a) Fixed, variable and semi-variable cost: Increase or decrease in the volume of output, the cost that directly varies in proportion is known as the variable cost. Like: a cost of direct material, wages of laborers. A range of activity in spite of the fluctuations in production, the cost that does not vary but remain constant within a given period is known as fixed cost. Like: insurance charges, management salary, rent or rates. The cost simultaneously does not remain stationary at all times and which does not vary proportionately is known as semi-fixed cost. Like: repairs, depreciation. Variable cost is sometimes known as direct costs, or the fixed cost is known as the period cost. This can be classified into a committed fixed cost and discretionary fixed cost. Further, the fixed cost can be classified into two types of costs. Those are following: Committed fixed cost the committed fixed cost can be included in the category of fixed cost that is the needed for the basic organization structure, and that arise from the possession of plant, equipment, etc. The discretionary fixed cost in the budgeting process set at fixed amount for a specific period of the management. This cost has no direct relationship with the volume of output, and the cost directly reflects the top management policies. According to the circumstances, this cost eliminated or reduced from the process. The variable cost can be classified into two types of costs that are following: Discretionary cost is defined as when the management has decided to spend a certain amount of their cost from sales can be used in the donations, sales promotion, research, etc then it can include in the category of variable cost. Engineered variable cost directly relates to the production or sales that included in the variable cost. The relationship between the input and output can exist in some particular circumstances. b) Product cost and period cost: The cost, which incurred as a part of the cost of a product rather than the expense of the period are called as product cost. The cost that are treated as an assets included in the inventory values that treated as an asset that needs to be sold. The cost can be both variable and fixed cost. For example depreciation of plant and machinery or cost of raw materials and direct wages. c) Direct and indirect cost: The cost that can be easily traceable or can direct or indirectly incurred is known as direct or indirect cost. For example in the case of laborers the wages to them directly paid that is the direct cost. The laborers are helping in the production and the manufacturing procedure. The cost, which is not directly related or not directly incurred that is called indirect cost. Like: salaries of the foreman, storekeeper, etc. d) Decision making cost and accounting cost: In some circumstances when they are compiled, then the decision making cost are special purpose costs that are applicable in that particular circumstances only. From the financial statements, the accounting cost can be compiled primarily. This is not included in the accounting financial statements. The decision-making cot can be showed when the operations are mechanized to show the cost of the product when there are operations are manual. e) Relevant and Irreverent cost: According to the managerial decision, the relevant cost can be changed but in the case of irrelevant cost, it is not affected by the decision of the management. f) Shutdown and sunk cost: Based on some temporary technical difficulties a manufacturer or an organization may have to suspend its operations for a period, for example, non-availability of requisite labor, shortage of raw materials, etc. The action that could not be avoided by taking any subsequent action an individual may regret purchasing or constructing an asset. To determining the gain or loss, the asset that will be matched against the proceeds from sales of an asset. In case for all the future decisions, the sunk cost is present for all the future decisions. g) Controllable and uncontrollable costs: The ratio or specified member of the undertaking can be influenced those costs that can be controllable but the costs that cannot be controllable is called as uncontrollable cost. In the specific level of management, the factors cannot be divided into some responsibility centers. About a particular individual or level of management, this is the main difference between the controllable and the uncontrollable cost. h) Imputed or hypothetical costs: The cash outlay does not involve in this type of cost. While making the management decisions, the cost accounts should take into consideration when it included in cost accounts. To judge the relative profitability of the project, the management should take into consideration the capital. For example, it is considered in the financial accounts when the interest on capital is ignored in the cost accounts. i) Differentials, incremental or decrement cost: The different cost can be termed as the difference in total cost between the two alternatives. In the total cost when it is increased as the alternative cost then it is called as the incremental cost. The incremental costs are matched with the incremental revenue when the profitability assessed for a proposed change. j) Conversion cost: From excluding the direct materials into finish products, the cost of transforming direct materials is known as the conversion cost. k) Production, administration, and selling and distribution cost: The production cost is included in the production activity, the administration cost is included in the policies, the procedures, and the selling, and the distribution cost is included in the demand and the selling activities. The cost volume profit analysis helps the management in making their decisions. a) Undertaking fixed cost and the variable cost: The CVP is helping to identify the business operation that is very important to make any decision for the project activities. The cost structure is very important for any company to make their financial performance better in the future. If the company can understand, what are their variable costs and the fixed cost then they can easily increase or decrease their cost by taking into consideration some factors. b) Contribution margin analysis: The cost that remains after the variable cost is subtracted from the percentage of each sales dollar. That is called contribution margin analysis. It will help the company to understand whether to add or subtract from the product line, how to structure the sales procedures or the product or services. With the help of the CVP analysis, the company can understand in what proportion they should invest in a project or in what proportion they can reduce their amount. c) Break-even analysis, sales volume, and pricing: The CVP is helped to determine the break-even analysis when the company already knows the fixed and the variable cost. The effect of increasing or decreasing the fixed cost, in the operating structure it is very important to understand the CVP so that the company can contribute or increasing their cost structure. Therefore, the CVP analysis can help the company in making their important decisions. AVN plc is the company given in the case study; they should manage their accounting procedures by preparing the operational budget. The operational budget is necessary for the company to prepare the day-to-day expenses and the revenue that should be included in the budget. Here the expenses define the cost of goods sold, as well as the overhead, and the revenue represents the sales of product and services and for producing the goods and the services the administrative cost is needed. This budget should prepare monthly or weekly so that the management accountant can follow up all the activities. This budget mainly prepares for the smaller period rather than budgeted annually. For variation in revenue, the managers can compare their ongoing results to budget throughout the year, planning and adjusting for the period. Therefore, the company should continue with their operational budget to continue with business activities. With the help of the operating budget, the company can manage their several activities those are following: a) Managing current expenses: The overhead cost and the expenses that have incurred previously this should be included in the operational budget. The managers can track all the costs like cost of supplies. This will help the company to ease the financial strain, and this could benefit the total budget. b) Projecting future expenses: The actual needs of the business can be depicted in evaluating the past expenses. The company should assess their future expenses so that the operational budget can help the company to depict their future needs and expenses. c) Building reserves: Instead of restricting, the operational budget should be liberating. It helps to build the company's reserves and reduces the debt. In certain circumstances, the operating cost remains the same, when the income can be reduced. The business activities of the company can go on temporary with the remaining cash reserves of the company. d) Accountability: The operating budget can help the company and the employees of the organization become accountable to handle all the financial activities because the operational budget prepared monthly or weekly. This will help the company to increase their business activities internationally. Reference list: Bebbington, Jan and Ian Thomson, 'Sustainable Development, Management And Accounting: Boundary Crossing' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research Blocher, Edward, David Edward Stout and Paul Juras,Cost Management(McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012) Bouten, Lies and Sophie Hooze, 'On The Interplay Between Environmental Reporting And Management Accounting Change' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research Cafferky, Michael E and Jon Wentworth,Breakeven Analysis(Business Expert Press, 2010) Carr, Chris, Katja Kolehmainen and Falconer Mitchell, 'Strategic Investment Decision Making Practices: A Contextual Approach' (2010) 21Management Accounting Research Cohen, Sandra and Efrosini Kaimenaki, 'Cost Accounting Systems Structure And Information Quality Properties: An Empirical Analysis' (2011) 12Journal of Applied Accounting Research Drs. Sugijanto, Drs. Sugijanto, 'Decentralization Analysis Of Decision Making And Performance Of Accounting Control System' (2013) 10IOSR Journal of Business and Management Drury, Colin,Management Accounting For Business(Cengage Learning, 2013) Eldenburg, Leslie and Susan K Wolcott,Cost Management(John Wiley, 2011) Epstein, Marc J and John Y Lee,Advances In Management Accounting(Emerald, 2013) Granlund, Markus, Jan Mouritsen and Eddy Vaassen, 'On The Relations Between Modern Information Technology, Decision Making And Management Control' (2013) 14International Journal of Accounting Information Systems Groot, Tom and Frank H Selto,Advanced Management Accounting(Pearson, 2013) Lanen, William N, Shannon W Anderson and Michael W Maher,Fundamentals Of Cost Accounting(McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011) Nielsen, Lars Braad, Falconer Mitchell and Hanne Nrreklit, 'Management Accounting And Decision Making: Two Case Studies Of Outsourcing' (2015) 39Accounting Forum Raiborn, Cecily A and Michael R Kinney,Cost Accounting Principles(South-Western Cengage Learning, 2013) Soin, Kim and Paul Collier, 'Risk And Risk Management In Management Accounting And Control' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research Chris Carr, Katja Kolehmainen and Falconer Mitchell, 'Strategic Investment Decision Making Practices: A Contextual Approach' (2010) 21Management Accounting Research. Michael E Cafferky and Jon Wentworth,Breakeven Analysis(Business Expert Press, 2010). Sandra Cohen and Efrosini Kaimenaki, 'Cost Accounting Systems Structure And Information Quality Properties: An Empirical Analysis' (2011) 12Journal of Applied Accounting Research. Drs. Sugijanto Drs. Sugijanto, 'Decentralization Analysis Of Decision Making And Performance Of Accounting Control System' (2013) 10IOSR Journal of Business and Management. Colin Drury,Management Accounting For Business(Cengage Learning, 2013). Leslie Eldenburg and Susan K Wolcott,Cost Management(John Wiley, 2011). Lies Bouten and Sophie Hooze, 'On The Interplay Between Environmental Reporting And Management Accounting Change' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research. Marc J Epstein and John Y Lee,Advances In Management Accounting(Emerald, 2013). Markus Granlund, Jan Mouritsen and Eddy Vaassen, 'On The Relations Between Modern Information Technology, Decision Making And Management Control' (2013) 14International Journal of Accounting Information Systems. Edward Blocher, David Edward Stout and Paul Juras,Cost Management(McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012). Tom Groot and Frank H Selto,Advanced Management Accounting(Pearson, 2013). Jan Bebbington and Ian Thomson, 'Sustainable Development, Management And Accounting: Boundary Crossing' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research. William N Lanen, Shannon W Anderson and Michael W Maher,Fundamentals Of Cost Accounting(McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011). Lars Braad Nielsen, Falconer Mitchell and Hanne Nrreklit, 'Management Accounting And Decision Making: Two Case Studies Of Outsourcing' (2015) 39Accounting Forum. Cecily A Raiborn and Michael R Kinney,Cost Accounting Principles(South-Western Cengage Learning, 2013). Kim Soin and Paul Collier, 'Risk And Risk Management In Management Accounting And Control' (2013) 24Management Accounting Research.